Rabu, 04 Maret 2009

The Effect of Global Warming on Hurricanes By Rich Johnson

Global Warming is a term denoting a gradual warming of the Earths average temperature. The term has become synonymous to the Earths warming exclusively due to man-made effects, especially carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide concentrations have increased from 300 parts per million to 384 parts per million since 1900, with the most accelerated increase during the past 40 years. Some scientists have drawn the conclusion that the increase in the Earths average temperature (about 1°F since 1975) is essentially solely based on man-made activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, biomass burning, and deforestation

Causes of Global Warming

The Earths atmosphere is made up of different gases. Nitrogen makes up 78% of the total composition, Oxygen 21%, Argon 1% and traces gases .1%. Carbon dioxide makes up most of the volume of the rare gases. Water vapor varies from almost 0% over the deserts to 4% over the oceans. Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and nitrous oxide are the gases of interest since these are the greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases can reradiate heat or trap heat absorbed by the Earth from the sun. Water vapor is by far the largest mechanism for heat retention out of the greenhouse gases.

In the past, the Earths orbital eccentricity, variance of the tilt and wobble have led to periods of warmer weather. Even though the solar energy from the sun is considered a constant, a slight change could cause temperature fluctuations. Recently, Mars has also shown a decrease in ice coverage without greenhouse gas changes. The cause for the reduction in aerial coverage is unknown.

In summary, there are three mechanisms which would cause global warming, or in other words allow for a warming of the Earths average temperature. These are: (1) solar energy variance, (2) gradual changes in the Earths orbit, tilt, and wobble, and (3) greenhouse gas changes. It is difficult to calculate what percentage of the recent warming could be attributed to human activities. We can eliminate changes in the Earths orbit, tilt, and wobble causing a temperature increase since these are long term effects.

What are the Effects of Global Warming on Hurricanes?

There is a common misconception that since the global temperature has increased, hurricanes also must increase in number and intensity. The primary factor in the ability of a hurricane to strengthen or weaken is the wind shear profile of the atmosphere - not water temperature. It always has been warm enough in the tropics to produce hurricanes. This temperature equates to a sea surface temperature of about 80°F. If you study the behavior of hurricanes you can find cases where hurricanes have strengthened over cooler water and have weakened over warmer water. There may be a small "boost" to a hurricanes strength as it moves over the Gulf Stream, if upper air wind profiles do not change much. Some of the computer generated hurricane models have this bias built in and will rapidly strengthen a tropical cyclone if predicted to go over a warm pool of water.

The recent upturn in tropical cyclone activity was predicted long before Global Warming became a household name. The tropical Atlantic has been known to vary in cycles, and this recent upturn was expected. If you were to compare the period from 1900 to about 1950, with the 1950s until now, you would find an actual decrease in the average number of hurricanes and their intensity. It also is noted that the upswing in hurricane numbers over the past ten years or more has been only in the North Atlantic basin. Other hurricane formation regions have not shown this same trend.

The Effects of Global Warming on Hurricanes: Summary

There has been a noted increase in the number of hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico since the mid-1990s. The long term average is that ten tropical storms will form per year, of which about six will become hurricanes. Since the mid-1990s the average has been fifteen tropical storms, of which eight have become hurricanes. There has also been an upward trend in the concentration of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide due to mans activities over the past 100 years. During this time, hurricanes have gone through cycles where they have been more numerous, such as the cycle that we are in now.

Some scientists have drawn a one to one correlation between the Earths temperature increase and the number of hurricanes and their intensity. As we have noted, the number one factor in tropical cyclone intensity is related to the atmospheric wind shear profile. There is even some research that suggests that higher temperatures could actually increase the wind shear profile resulting in a decrease in hurricane activity. The upward cycle in hurricane numbers is expected to continue for several more years. If this trend were to continue for a considerably longer period, only then could one draw a conclusion that warmer temperatures have played some part to cause an increase in tropical cyclone formation.

Rich is a Certified Broadcast Meteorologist with 25 years of weather forecasting and television experience. His expertise is in tropical meteorology forecasting hurricanes. His website TropicalWeather.net is dedicated to helping travelers cope with tropical weather and hurricanes Visit his hurricane and travel message boards to get the latest hurricane forecasts and travel information.

Global Warming Is Expected To Increase The Intensity Of Hurricanes & Tornadoes By Bob Wright

Global warming is expected to increase the intensity of forces of nature, such as tornadoes and hurricanes. It is determined not by individual weather events, such as heat waves or cold snaps or hurricanes, but by the global mean surface temperature. It is already increasing the intensity of hurricanes in the North Atlantic, increasing the risk of devastating impacts when a storm hits.

Global warming is also leading to more dramatic swings in the weather in some areas. It is already affecting the world we know, endangering polar bears, shortening ski seasons and creating more intense storms. Global warming is a huge risk, it is an increase in the average temperature of the earth's surface.

Global warming is bad news for human life, including changes in agricultural yields, melting of glaciers and the extinction of certain species for ever.

Global warming is an increase of average world temperatures as a result of what is known as the greenhouse effect. Certain gases in the atmosphere behave like glass in a greenhouse, permitting sunlight through to heat the earth's surface but trapping heat as it radiates back into the space, causing an increase in the average temperature of the Earth's surface. Since the late 1800's, the global average temperature has increased about 0.7 to 1.4 degrees F (0.4 to 0.8 degrees C). Global warming is determined not by individual weather events, but by the global mean surface temperature. North America experienced a fairly normal winter in 2006-2007, and some parts had extremely cold weather this year ?

Greenhouse gases are an air pollution problem, and all air pollution problems of the past have cost significantly less to fix than projected, while declining faster than expected. This gives cause to hope that artificial greenhouse gases can be controlled reasonably cheaply and without wrenching sacrifices to the global economy. Greenhouse gases are released by activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, land clearing, and agriculture. Other phenomena such as solar variation and volcanoes have had smaller and probably negative effects 1950.

Global warming is already under way. The evidence is vast and the urgency of taking action becomes clearer with every new scientific study.

Bob Wright has produced more interesting and informative articles on Global Warming. They can easily be found here > http://globalwarmingthefacts.com/

Will Global Warming Cause the Next Ice Age? By Robert F Allison

One major problem in the debate over climate change is a general lack of knowledge on the subject. People usually don't think about where their electricity, gasoline, or toilet paper comes from. Part of this acceptance comes from the way industry separates products from the production process...When we turn on lights in L.A., we don't see the plants and coal mines that generated the power...Only those paying careful attention make the connections. Another part of the problem is that we are reluctant to question science, which has such prestige that people rarely stop to question who is funding research and whether that could compromise findings. (Gibson 17)

Most people also don't understand how the theory of global warming works. They think that a really cold winter is evidence that global warming is a myth. However, scientists that support the ideas of global warming are referring to long-term climate change. Climate refers to environmental patterns over a long period of time. Weather refers to short-lived events, and can have isolated extremes. One of the predictions of many scientists is that global warming will cause more extreme weather: hotter summers, longer droughts, colder winters, and stronger storms. According to their theories, Europe could be tossed into another ice age because of global warming, not turned into a tropical paradise. This is because of the effect global warming could have on ocean currents.

Skeptics will often find any opportunity to attack the views of scientists based on some isolated weather event, or the lack of such an event. If the scientists predict increasing frequency and intensity of hurricanes, skeptics will point out that this last hurricane season was extremely mild, with the only intense storms hitting Mexico. Ultra-conservative commentator, Rush Limbaugh, doesn't just consider global warming to be a myth; he calls it a hoax and a religion. "It's got salvation, got everything in it. It has the primary ingredient of every religion: faith. Because none of it can be proved" (Limbaugh 4). Limbaugh also takes issue with the use of the word "consensus" by global warming activists, and is right to do so. "Consensus and science-I got blue in the face saying this-don't and cannot mutually co-exist" (Limbaugh 4). If scientists had reached any sort of consensus, this would be a dead issue. Most scientists agree that the temperature of the earth has been gradually increasing, but that doesn't mean they agree on the possible causes or consequences.

A survey of more than 530 climate scientists from 27 different countries showed that 82% of the scientists agreed that global warming is occurring. Only 2.6% said they "strongly disagree." When asked if current scientific knowledge can allow for a reasonable assessment of greenhouse gases, two-thirds of the scientists disagreed with the statement.

The question most people are most keen to ask climate scientists is probably "do you agree or disagree that climate change is mostly the result of anthropogenic (man-made) causes?" Slightly more than half (55.8%) of climate scientists surveyed agreed, 14.2% were unsure, and 30% disagreed. Interestingly, more scientists "strongly disagree" than "strongly agree" that climate change is mostly the result of anthropogenic causes. The survey clearly shows that the debate over why the climate is changing is still underway, with nearly half of climate scientists disagreeing with what is often claimed to be the "consensus" view. (Bast 4)

The study goes on to clarify that the question wasn't whether humans have any effect on climate, but whether they are mostly to blame. It's certainly quite possible that humans are having at least some effect on the climate, but nothing can be proven with any certainty.

Some skeptics believe that mankind is too insignificant and could not possibly have so much influence on the environment. S. Fred Singer is a well-known climate change skeptic. He has been trying to gain support for the theory that climate change is a natural, cyclical process. He believes the earth has a 1,500-year cycle of warming and cooling, with minor ice ages interspersed with interglacial periods. Singer claims that his research shows this cycle going back at least one million years, often with abrupt changes. At one time, Greenland was quite green, with crops and livestock farming. Warm waters were abundant with fish and seals. There were two thriving settlements, but they were eventually lost to glaciers, malnutrition, and starvation. Dairy farmers were even forced to eat their cows. This was due to a 1.5 degree Celsius drop in average temperatures between 1100 and 1400. "Denmark would not re-colonize Greenland until 1721, when the Little Ice Age was losing its grip on the huge island. Today, 150 years into the Modern Warming, Greenland has 50,000 people" (Singer xii). Singer believes that these cycles are caused by solar changes, not greenhouse gases. He is skeptical of activists who "ask society to renounce most of its use of fossil fuel-generated energy and accept radical reductions in standards of living to "save the planet" (Singer 3). While it makes sense to not be swept up in the alarmist propaganda of activists, being unwilling to sacrifice an air conditioner or SUV, if it is truly necessary, seems selfish and defiant.

Robert F. Allison, PE, LEED AP Expert in HVAC geothermal heating and cooling systems design.

Visit my Squidoo lens for additional information on Global Warming, Geeen Living, Green Building Design, and Wind and Solar Power Generation: http://www.squidoo.com/thegreenearth

Also visit my Home Energy Efficiency website for residential wind and solar energy ebook review: http://www.alvyda.net/homeenergy

Effects of Global Warming - Benefits and Dangers By Christophe Catesson

When you hear about the effects of global warming it is important to understand that the effects we are experiencing today are moderate compared to what the future will see if we do not take preventative action. Over the next century researchers and environmental professionals are stating that the effects of global warming will continue on a constant inclined curve. Temperatures heating up a little bit each decade until the earth's temperatures reach the sweltering levels that we experienced in history. Scientists believe that the earth's temperatures will rise between 2-9 degrees Fahrenheit by 2050.

The Arctic and the earth's northern latitudes will feel the most of the effects of global warming as they continue to escalate. As the Arctic packs and glaciers begin to melt from the increased temperatures the tundra and seas surrounding the areas will continue to absorb the warmth which was once reflected back into space. Climate models show that if temperatures throughout the rest of the world rise to 3 degrees Fahrenheit they will more than likely rise to at least 7 degrees Fahrenheit in the Arctic. From this the oceans throughout the world will become full with melting glaciers and ice from the Arctic likely to rise by at least 3ft.

As the temperatures continue to rise this will force the ocean to evaporate quicker and therefore more rainfall will be experienced. The problem with this effect is that the rainfall may hit areas of the world which do not need it at all causing massive floods and monsoons. Subtropical areas like India are expected to be the target of this particular effect of global warming. On the other hand it is safe to say that droughts are going to be more of a problem than flooding.

There are predictions that the future effects of global warming may have its benefits as well. In the northern part of the world such as Canada, the warmer temperatures will mean longer growing seasons and more rainfall. This of course then will put an end to any food shortage that may be occurring and provide a new sense of prosperity to countries throughout the world which have been struggling to survive.

Many of the changes and effects listed above are already taking place today on a smaller scale of course. Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion of the ocean, in addition to melting of land ice. Amounts and patterns of precipitation are changing as well but only slightly in comparison to what has been predicted for the future. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns increase the frequency and intensity of other extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, heat waves, and tornadoes.

Other effects of global warming include higher or lower agricultural yields, further glacial retreat, reduced summer stream flows and species extinctions. As a further effect of global warming, diseases like malaria are returning into areas where they have been extinguished earlier. This is only the beginning of the effects global warming can have on our earth. As the greenhouse gases continue to increase and enter the atmosphere these effects are only going to increase in severity making it harder and harder to maintain our quality of life.

Many people find it hard to believe that the effects of global warming can become as severe as scientists are predicting but the patterns support these theories. When you read studies comparing today's weather to weather 20years ago there are already signs proving the effects of global warming. Pay attention to the weather today and the severe weather being reported from all over the world and you will begin to see the effects within your own life as well.

We can all do our part to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases within our atmosphere. No matter how small the act might be (saving electricity, conserving fuels, etc) every action makes a difference when we are all making these eco-smart decisions. There are no doubts that the effects of global warming are only going to persist and increase if we do not do something today. The fact is that even if greenhouse emission gases were completely eliminated today it will still take years to eliminate the threats of global warming. This is why it is so important to do what we can today!

For more similar articles, visit http://www.theglobalwarmingoverview.com and read about facts, maps, news and myths.

Space Weather is the Cause of Climate Heating - Not Global Warming Theories By Lance Winslow

We have all been hearing about the gloom doom of Global Warming. Although I am definitely not a believer nor is anyone in our Think Tank after reviewing all the data, I still would like to see humans cut their pollution a bit, as it is just wasteful, inconsiderate and not very efficient to pollute when you clearly do not have to.

About now 85% of the population will tell me that I do not know what I am talking about and that Global Warming is real and Al Gore proved it. Well, would you like a bit of proof to consider? Have you ever heard of space weather or solar flares? Here is a short excerpt of what is to come, but it has nothing to do with carbon emissions:

Space Weather News for Jan. 4, 2008

"Solar physicists have been waiting for the appearance of a reversed-polarity sunspot to signal the start of the next solar cycle. The wait is over. A magnetically reversed, high-latitude sunspot emerged today. This marks the beginning of Solar Cycle 24 and the first step toward a new solar maximum. Intense solar activity won't begin right away. Solar cycles usually take a few years to build from solar minimum (where we are now) to Solar Max (expected in 2011 or 2012). It's a slow journey, but we're on our way!"

What does this all mean to you and I and our families, water supplies, drought challenges and harsh weather? It means things in the next six years will get worse, not better, but it also means it has very little to do with mankind's CO2 emissions. It has much more to do about the naturally occurring solar cycles and solar flares. Something to contemplate in 2008.

Learn more about how space weather affects the weather here on Earth and why much of the weather we consider anomalies, can be perfectly explained when monitoring the space weather: http://spaceweather.com

"Lance Winslow" - Online Think Tank forum board. If you have innovative thoughts and unique perspectives, come think with Lance; http://www.WorldThinkTank.net/.

Lance's Bio

Global Warming Is Predicated To Increase The Strength Of Severe Weather By Geir Laastad

Global warming is expected to increase the intensity of forces of nature, such as storms, hurricanes, tropical cyclones and tornadoes. It is influenced not by individual weather events, such as heat periods or cold snaps or hurricanes, but by the earth's mean surface temperature. It is already raising the intensity of hurricanes in the North Atlantic, increasing the chance of crushing force when a storm strike.

Global warming is also leading to more impressive swings in the weather in several places. It is already changing the earth we know, jeopardizing polar bears, shortening ski seasons and producing more powerful storms, hurricanes and cyclones. Global warming is a large chance for an increase in the mean temperature of the earth's surface.

Global warming is dreadful news for earth born life, including changes in agricultural yields, liquifying of glaciers and the poles, and the extinction of doomed life forms for ever.

Global warming is an increase of mean global temperatures as a result of what is recognized as the greenhouse effect. Different gases in the atmosphere act like glass in a greenhouse, allowing sunlight through to heat the world's surface but trapping heat as it radiates back into the space, creating an increase in the mean temperature of the earth's surface. Since the late 1800's, the global mean temperature has rised about 0.7 to 1.4 degrees F (0.4 to 0.8 degrees C). Global warming is regulated not by singular meteorological events, but by the global average surface temperature. North America did go through a fairly normal winter in 2006-2007, and some parts had extremely frigid weather this year.

Greenhouse gases are an air pollution problem, and all air pollution problems of the past have required significantly less to fix than projected, while declining faster than predicated. This gives cause to believe that artificial greenhouse gases can be controlled reasonably inexpensively and without resigning the earth's economy. Greenhouse gases are exhausted by activities such as the combusting of fossile fuels, land clearing, and agriculture. Other phenomena such as solar fluctations and volcanoes have had less and likely disadvantageous cause.

Global warming is already under way. The evidence is vast and the urgency of requiring doing something becomes more distinct with each new scientific work. We have ten years maximum, to begin doing unpleasant decreases to our greenhouse gas pollutions, or we will go thru dramatic consequences. The great news is that there is something we can do, but only if the planet's different leaders acts immediately and asserts their influence on the rest of the world, especial such emerging countries as India and China, to link up in an worldwide effort to stop the global warming.

Geir Laastad is the Weather Dude at http://www.metar.no


Forget Global Warming Scare Tactics - Fear Global Cooling By Lance Winslow

About fifteen years ago there was a group of scientists claiming that the Ice Age was coming and many had bought bumper stickers to remind us of the whole ordeal that would kill 2/3 of all life on Earth. Today, Al Gore and a group of socialists and scientists claim we are all going to die from massive flooding due to too much CO2 in the atmosphere, that simply is not so.

So who can you believe? After all if the atmosphere is thickened with particulate that will cause severe storms supposedly, which means more evaporation which means more water in the sky, which means it will block the sun's rays and then the regions will cool again? Ah ha, a self-sustaining system, by gosh I think you now understand why all this is so irrelevant.

Indeed the "Dimming of the Sun" seems like an obvious way to affect global cooling, thru Volcanic Activity, increased evaporation, meteor strike sending a trillion tons into the atmosphere of debris. So, it [Earth] is a giant system the self corrects, that is why there is still life here in such forms as we observe presently.

Additionally, Solar Cycles, Space Weather and Solar Flares is a highly underestimated issue with weather, for instance, when you heat up water on the stove it swirls a lot each time you increase only one degree. A more serious issue to Global Warming, I believe would be mankind's paving of cities is far more an issue with extreme weather than CO2.

We could coat all the roads, paint the building tops white and plant vegetation on the rooftops too to solve that issue, or decrease its percentage of increased ambient temperatures, if we choose too? But really, Global Warming just seems like a lot of hot air and politics to me; do not believe everything you hear no matter what politician or paid researcher says it. Sincerely, Lance.

"Lance Winslow" - Online Think Tank forum board. If you have innovative thoughts and unique perspectives, come think with Lance; http://www.WorldThinkTank.net/. Lance is a guest writer for Our Spokane Magazine in Spokane, Washington

Global Warming Favors Black Americans in the Long Run - White People May Die Out By Lance Winslow

Many Black Americans are angry over Global Warming, perhaps due to the Democrats pushing doom and gloom scenarios and scaring people. Since a larger percentage of Black Americans are Democrats, most Black Americans are angry and believe that wealthy corporations, which are run by mostly white people, are to blame. Indeed, in reality, if Global Warming were true, the hotter weather would favor those with dark skin and dark eyes over folks that are white with blue eyes.

As the temperature on Earth increases, if it increases for whatever reason, whether it is climate change or global warming (mankind's CO2 emissions) causing it - if the temperature grows more than 10 degrees F, then most white people will have severe health problems, skin cancers and all sorts of ailments, which will lead to their demise. Thus allowing humans with dark complexion to take over the World.

So, in reality those Black Americans who are upset with the issues of wealthy white people running the world should pray for more increased temperatures and increased CO2 emissions. This will increase temperatures and allow dark complexion folks to run the world. Although such issues seem to be upsetting for people to discuss, it should be noted that the inferior blonde hair and blue-eyed traits are not long for this world if our Earth's atmosphere and climate continue to heat up.

Those who are white will have a tough time promoting their genetics in the future and those with the superior black genes, will have an advantage of survival of the fittest as the world around us changes. Remember Darwin's theory that the strong survive. Think on this.

"Lance Winslow" - Online Think Tank forum board. If you have innovative thoughts and unique perspectives, come think with Lance; http://www.WorldThinkTank.net/. Lance is a guest writer for Our Spokane Magazine in Spokane, Washington

Increase of Extreme Weather Due to Global Warming By George Christodoulou

Global warming is one of the most dangerous challenges that all of humanity has ever faced. Its multiple effects will cause disruptions in everything from natural habitat to drinking water and food supply. And even more dangerously, it will give birth to some of the most powerful natural disasters ever known to mankind.

In 2004, the Tsunami in Asia displayed an unforgiving act of nature. Less than a year later, across continents in the United States, Hurricane Katrina delivered a blow of equal magnitude. Both the disasters caused massive humanitarian crisis, effecting hundreds of thousands of lives. These might not have been directly caused by global warming, but it certainly paints a picture of thing to come.

In India, the speed of cyclones in the Andra Pradesh region has jumped from an average of 150 kilometres per hours to 250 kph within just six years! And while some cities are at a risk of being washed out, other are at the risk of drying up.

Global warming will cause parts of the world to be very fertile for a period of time but simultaneously, it will also cause droughts in other parts. Scientists have estimated that as much as half a million people in Asia could face starvation within the next 30-40 years at this rate.

But it’s not just these devastating disasters that hint towards what’s happening with our weather. Summers are becoming hotter by the year, and this winter Ski resorts in Central America, Europe and the United States all lost business because it just hadn’t snowed like it used to even last year! For the first time in over a hundred years, Central Park in New York saw no snow in December 2006.

With global warming, “extreme weather” or “freak weather” is becoming a part of daily life. June and July alone has witnessed massive floods in the UK and parts of the United States, while in other parts of the United States heat has caused dangerous forest fires. And this week, the west coast is expected to hit temperatures in triple digits!

There is little argument that global warming is real and it causes changes in our weather pattern. Every week, scientists find more startling and disturbing evidence to support this fact. And the scientific community is trying everything from simple steps to cut carbon emission en masse, to designing colossal artificial air purifiers for earth. This time, it’s for the sake of our planet.

George Christodoulou,

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Global Warming, Weather, Technology, Science By Kadence Buchanan

Global warming is a problem that needs to be faced head-on by the leaders of the nations of our planet. The call to arms has been sounded; many countries are now doing research into the causes of global warming, as well as committing to actions to help decrease the effects of global warming. In the United States, a Global Change Research Program has been crafted which represents one of the largest efforts ever pursued when it comes to understanding global warming. The Environmental Protection Agency is also in the fight, helping to partner with businesses and individuals to help try to achieve a baseline for curbing the problem so that we can all benefit. The United Nations has also drafted several proposals when it comes to climate change; the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has been created. This organization was formed to consider what possible actions we can do to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, the convention was formed to help us to plan for what we should do if the inevitable temperature change happens.

The Kyoto protocol represents a firm commitment that many nations have signed, which targets countries when it comes to the responsibility of greenhouse gas emission. 163 countries have ratified the protocol thus far, and 35 of these countries still have a ways to go when it comes to reducing their emissions to a reasonable level. The targets specified in the Kyoto protocol estimate that the number of greenhouse gases emitted in total around the planet should face a 5% decrease. While this change isn't huge, it does represent a step in the right direction when it comes to facing up to our global responsibility.

Technology cooperation is another innovation that is helping the international community to deal with the problem of global warming. This strategy involves the sharing of developments of environmentally friendly technology between nations to help us adapt to the changes that we need to make to stop this problem. Also, the nations of the planet are working together to establish firm laws when it comes to land usage, changing land usage, and forestry. As the effects of global warming become more clear, more people will hopefully begin to understand the problem so that the nations of the world can cooperate in helping to save our planet.

Kadence Buchanan writes articles on many topics including Weather, Science, and Education